Smart Electric Fault Detection and Protection

Abstract

Power transformers are critical components in electricity distribution networks, and their failure can cause blackouts and hazards to public safety. This paper proposes a low-cost real-time fault detection and protection device that continuously monitors transformer voltage and current against a nominal 230 V reference. Faults such as short circuits, overloads, arcing, unbalanced loads, harmonic distortion, and ground faults are identified through unique power quality signatures. Upon fault detection, the device immediately activates a relay lockout mechanism to isolate the transformer from the grid, preventing further damage. Simultaneously, a Wi-Fi module transmits fault data to the main electricity control board, and an SMS alert is broadcast to people in the affected area for safety. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system not only detects but also responds to electrical faults, ensuring equipment protection and public safety.