Orthopedic Implants and Biomaterials: Structure, Healing Mechanisms and Biomechanical Considerations

Abstract

Orthopedic implants are essential medical devices used to restore mechanical stability and facilitate biological healing in fractured or diseased skeletal tissues. Bone is a hierarchically organized composite material whose structural arrangement and adaptive remodeling behavior strongly influence implant performance. This conference paper provides a refined and concise review of bone structure, fracture healing processes, and the biomechanical and material considerations governing orthopedic implant systems. Particular emphasis is placed on metallic biomaterials, including stainless steel, cobalt–chromium alloys, and titanium-based alloys, with respect to their mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and clinical applicability. In addition, the functional roles of orthopedic screws, plates, and interlocking nails are discussed in relation to stability, stress distribution, and osseointegration.